64-bit software has been in the news a bit more lately as the number of people using a 64-bit version of Windows has been increasing. Windows 7 has seen a compared to only 11% under Vista (and less on Windows XP). As a result, many people have been wondering how 64-bit software fits into the concept of portable software. We've had a few discussions in the forums amongst the development staff and users and come to what we think are the right conclusions. And, since we just released our first hybrid 32-bit/64-bit app that didn't necessarily need to be (see: ), I thought it would make sense to get our conclusions all down in one place for those that are interested.| Wait, what *is* 64-bit software? If you know the answer, feel free to skip ahead. If you're confused, don't worry, most people don't know what it is either. ![]() When people say something is 32-bit or 64-bit, they're referring to the smallest unit of information that can be processed on a machine (the bit, a 1 or a 0) and how many are dealt with at the same time within the PC and operating system. Basically, how software is working with data internally. A compiled piece of software is written to work with one or the other, but not both. And there are PCs out there that are either 32-bit or 64-bit and have either 32-bit or 64-bit Windows on them. (f you're curious what you have, just right-click on Computer in your Start Menu and click Properties (in Windows Vista or 7). Look for the System Type line. Most software, however, is 32-bit. Because 64-bit versions of Windows have a feature called that allows them to run 32-bit versions of software in addition to 64-bit software. 32-bit versions of Windows, on the other hand, can't run 64-bit versions of software, even if the CPU in the PC is a 64-bit CPU. So, because of this, most popular software like Firefox, Pidgin, OpenOffice.org, Microsoft Office and others are distributed only as 32-bit versions for Windows. 64-Bit Portable Software: The Pros and the Cons Like anything, 64-bit software has its pros and its cons. With portable software needing to move from PC to PC, these become a bit more pronounced. Keep in mind that we're not talking about 32-bit vs 64-bit OSes (64-bit pros like larger system memory and don't really apply here) and that we're mainly concerned with the apps that most folks use. Let's run through them: Pros of 64-bit Portable Apps • Performance Increase - A few 64-bit applications that have been compiled to take advantage of 64-bit integers and the additional registers available will yield a performance increase. This performance increase is most pronounced in CPU-limited apps like CAD, audio and video encoding, compression, etc. Note that most software will see no noticeable increase in performance. Cons of 64-bit Portable Apps • Compatibility Issues - As mentioned above, 64-bit software can only run on a 64-bit OS running on a PC with a 64-bit CPU. A 32-bit version of Windows can not run 64-bit software, even if the CPU is 64-bit-capable. That means that if a given portable app is just the 64-bit version, it won't work on most PCs you encounter as the vast majority of PCs are running 32-bit Windows. Nearly all 32-bit applications will run just fine on a 64-bit OS, though. • Larger Install Size - If you include both the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of a given app in the portable package, you wind up doubling the install-size of an app. This is an issue due to the fact that many people run portable software on their USB flash drives, so space may be at a premium. • Larger Memory Footprint - 64-bit software will take up more RAM than its 32-bit equivalent due to the way information is stored. • Plugin Issues - If an app is 64-bit, then any plugins it uses must also be 64-bit. This not only makes software more complicated for users, but you'll often find that a given plugin simply isn't available in a 64-bit variety. The cons would seem to far outweigh the pros, so the answer should be simple: stick to 32-bit apps. There are always exceptions to the rule, though. Exception 1: Some Apps Require The 64-bit Version on 64-bit Windows Some software - particularly system tools - requires that the 32-bit version for 32-bit Windows and the 64-bit for 64-bit. A perfect example of this is. This defrag software interfaces with the OS in a specific way and has separate builds for 32-bit and 64-bit Windows. Rather than having users need to worry about which version is which as they move PCs, we custom built a GUI and launcher that automatically launch the appropriate version for the current PC. That way, the user uses it just like any other app and, as we try to do with everything, it just works. Exception 2: Some Apps Get A Good Performance Increase Without Becoming Huge Some software does get a tangible speed improvement as a 64-bit app while at the same time not winding up with an excessively large install size. The perfect example of this is the. This new release incorporates both the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of 7-Zip in a single package and automatically launches the appropriate one, just like with JkDefrag. Since 7-Zip uses the same localization files for both versions, we're able to keep just one copy. So, we end up with an app with all the functionality we want, but still clocks in at about 5mb installed. 7-Zip can see a 5% or even up to 10% performance boost when running the 64-bit version vs the 32-bit version. And working to compress large files is often measured in minutes, not seconds, so, the extra work on our end and couple extra MBs on the user's end makes sense as it can save users time in the long run. The Best Approach For The Future So, what's the best answer for portable app users? After much discussion, we've decided that, as a general rule, doing 32-bit-only portable software is the best approach for nearly all apps and nearly all users. They have low overhead, and they just work on every PC you come across everywhere you go. When we encounter the rare exception like JkDefrag (which requires both versions) or 7-Zip (which benefits from both versions without a big install-size hit), we'll do one of our special hybrid versions so that the right version runs on the right PC. Apps like JkDefrag which normally require different versions will be one version that just works everywhere. And apps like 7-Zip will work everywhere and give you a little performance boost when you happen to be on 64-bit Windows. And it all just works with a single packaged portable app. The user doesn't need to change anything, and it works everywhere. As always, we look forward to talking with the broader community on this. Other ideas and suggestions are welcome! I hope everyone enjoys the bit of extra oompf that comes with the new 7-Zip update. Until next time. You seem to left out the fact that even though 32 bit is less in size and memory usage, that it loads the Syswow files into memory also to run and translate the 32bit to 64bit. Therefore to me, it is like running java platform on top of windows, where as, the handshake will slow it down because of the interpretations involved and more memory is being used than just the 32bit programming running. People need to understand that the Syswow files on a 64bit DVD OS for Windows setup actually is about 1 GByte more, thus when these files are installed that alone put a larger footprint on your harddrive and thus these files are also loaded into memory when you run 32bit. ![]() ![]() ![]() Another thing is that 32bit programs only access 4 Gbytes of RAM and unless it is made aware of larger ram for usage will end up slowing your computer down by running too many apps that are 32bit even is you have 16 Gbytes Ram, 12 GBytes will not be used by the OS. • or to post comments. The case of running a portable app from a DVD you are describing is quite niche and, unfortunately, not one we support any longer. Some of our original apps like Firefox may still run from a read-only optical drive, but as optical drives are being phased out in consumer PCs, we no longer test for nor support this setup. Syswow is shared, so 32-bit apps don't encounter a penalty beyond the first one. The vast majority of our apps (and the vast majority of Windows apps in general) aren't even available in 64-bit builds, so most apps that most users are using are 32-bit. All of that is moot anyway, because the portable launcher (FirefoxPortable.exe or similar) is a 32-bit EXE for every single app, so the Syswow is already being loaded for you launching that app. Even if you're running a 64-bit build of Firefox or Chrome, it's running a 32-bit EXE first to launch it. As for the 4GB memory limit, that's something we already allow for. For the less than 1% of apps this affects, they're done as a dual mode 32-bit and 64-bit and on a 64-bit machine with 64-bit Windows, it runs the 64-bit EXE. So every app that could come into a memory crunch is already running at 64-bit. Nov 12, 2017. Taggtool.desktop.v3.5.1 crackED [GRKY]. PCLinuxOS KDE desktop 2013.04 (64-bit). (1,548.9 Mb ). PGP desktop v981 2008 32 amp; 64 bit. Desktop Icon Toy 4.0 (32 64 bit) Portable. Eset 3.0.684 Business edition (32 Bit and. Portable version for win 10 download Taggtool (4.1.1) zip Add intelligence to your files with tags URL below. Adobe Photoshop CS5 With Patch (English) 32 64 Bit > http://tinyurl.com/ofo5lx9. PortableApps.com - Portable software for USB, portable and cloud drives. That means that if a given portable app is just the 64-bit version. Lastly, this is a 6 year old topic, so some of the data in the main post has obviously changed and some of the comments may no longer be relevant. Sometimes, the impossible can become possible, if you're awesome! • or to post comments. 'When we encounter the rare exception like JkDefrag (which requires both versions) or 7-Zip (which benefits from both versions without a big install-size hit), we'll do one of our special hybrid versions so that the right version runs on the right PC.' IMHO, this is the best way. Because, as you said, there are programs that would be too large to contain both 32 and 64bit versions, and there are, also, those who do not greatly improve performance when used in 64 bits. So the best way is to do as you said and create hybrid versions of applications that 'worthwhile'. Keep the good work! []'s • or to post comments. The only real thing 64-bit support is needed for on 64-bit systems is drivers, some apps use 'em (usually for maintenance) and such apps don't tend to be very portable. So most apps don't need to be 64-bit. The main gain from using 64-bit apps when you don't need to is that they can make use of more than 2gb of memory, but this usually isn't a problem for most apps or most users. ![]() So, I definitely think most portable apps should be 32-bit only and even for drivers you might be able to get away with just the 64-bit driver with the 32-bit app (I believe most programs that utilize a driver will do this already. OpenVPN takes this approach) so you just need the two versions of only the driver. By these rules a 64-bit version of 7-Zip isn't really needed since the only component it has that needs 64-bit AFAIK is the shell extension which we wouldn't include anyway. But if it does give a performance boost I suppose that could help; it could have optimizations for 64-bit and being it is computationally expensive (when compressing files) that would be a good case for it. Signature automatically removed for being too awesome. • or to post comments. In general, we'll only do the 32-bit version. But with 7-Zip, we were looking at adding under 3MB (and soon a bit less) to the install size but getting ~10% performance boost when compressing many files. And, as some users will be using 7-Zip to deal with large files like backups and the like, it made sense since a 10% performance boost can wind up being a good chunk of time for large files compressed to the max. Sometimes, the impossible can become possible, if you're awesome! • or to post comments. Instead of debating 32-bit vs 64-bit, why not make the 32-bit Q-Dir portable apps launcher (eg Q-DirPortable.exe) auto-detect the 32 vs 64 bit nature of the OS and launch the matching Q-Dir exe? The newly released Portable App rev of Explorer++ does this: I'm very appreciative of your Q-Dir Portable App dev effort (Q-Dir is my main explorer tool) but I prefer for whatever reason to run the 64-bit rev when I'm on a 64-bit OS. I hope your Portable App Q-Dir will auto-detect 32/64 in a later version so I can use it, thanks! • or to post comments. We only go through the process of this when there is either a requirement or a measurable performance gain. Because it does increase the size of the install (unnecessarily in most apps) and does introduce 'one more thing that could go wrong'. We packaged Explorer++ this way because the 32-bit version doesn't work quite right with all the Control Panel displaying when run on 64-bit Windows. That plus the combined version is only 2.5MB. I did not package Q-Dir nor am I involved in its creation. It's just a dev test not an official release. If Q-Dir needs this for similar reasons, ask the dev in the dev test topic. It should also be noted that an online installer (as Q-Dir Portable is right now due to it being freeware and needing permission for repackaging) *can't* download and install a 32-bit and 64-bit version of an app, it can only do one download. Sometimes, the impossible can become possible, if you're awesome! • or to post comments. Hi, I'm the Q-Dir Portable dev. As John said, an online installer can't download multiple files, and Q-Dir's 32-bit and 64-bit builds are separate downloads. The only way I could package both the 32-bit and 64-bit builds would be via an offline installer, and the Q-Dir dev hasn't responded to my e-mail requesting permission for this. I would be more than happy to create a 32/64 package, but as I said, I need permission. If you want to get in touch with the Q-Dir dev and ask, maybe we could make some progress. IMHO, a user making a request is a bit different, and perhaps more powerful, than another dev making the same request. We should probably take this conversation into the, since we're off-topic here. 'The question I would like to know, is the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe and Everything. All we know about it is that the Answer is Forty-two, which is a little aggravating.' • or to post comments. Hi, I am Looking for a portable program launcher/starter which auto-detects the operating system 32/64 bit than automatically starts the right path for the software. Like the starter of PortableApps, but with configuration for the path and optional icon select. Example: if 64 bit: run software in folder App(optional)/64bit/example.exe if 32 bit: run software in folder App(optional)/32bit/example.exe --- Does anybody have an idea? Where can i Download a starter like this? • or to post comments. Although I don't know, it is important that the settings for a 64bit and 32bit application should be compatible. The RAM footprint is less important than the speedgain. The user may choose to optionally install a 64bit version as well, maybe exclusively through the updater? The argument of space on USB flashdrive is important but keep in mind that we also have to look ahead. Flash size increases when prices per GB fall. An option for 64 bit should be optional. Having the infrastructure for handling 32bit and optional 64 bit in place will smooth the transition when more apps require or desire 64 bit. At some time in the future you eventually run against the 64bit wall anyway. Making the platform aware and support both versions will eventually be a good thing. Personally I don't feel the need for 64 bit but understand it might be wise to add premelary support early. • or to post comments. Most new PCs are 64-bit now. And they're all running 32-bit versions of Firefox, LibreOffice, Piding, etc. 32-bit apps work just fine on 64-bit Windows (but 64-bit apps won't run on 32-bit Windows). There are a few rare exceptions that require a 64-bit version on 64-bit Windows, generally system level apps. For stuff like that, we include both the 32 and 64-bit version of the app and have the launcher automatically use the right one. So your PortableApps.com stuff works on every PC. Sometimes, the impossible can become possible, if you're awesome! • or to post comments. I'm uninstalling my PortableApps.com PeaZip and using their own 64-bit release until the program is released here in accordance with PortableApps.com own policy, that is, being a similar program to 7-Zip, PeaZip will also benefit from the 64-bit performance. I'm counting on you guys! Keep up the good work! I wrote the above but then I checked with more detail. I was fooled because the main executable of PeaZip 64-bit is still 32-bit, unlike 7-Zip's 64-bit version which is all 64. Now that I've looked into this with more detail, I know that the 7-Zip engine is the only part of PeaZip that is actually 64-bit, and the current PortableApps.com PeaZip release IS using the 7-Zip 64-bit component! So all is as it should be! Keep up the good work! • or to post comments. So What is a tag? A tag is a non-hierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece of information (such as an internet bookmark, digital image, or computer file). This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching. Portable Taggtool is a small desktop search tool which locates your files based on keyword metadata. Tagging was popularized by websites associated with Web 2.0 and is an important feature of many Web 2.0 services. We have developed a Windows based utility which brings the tagging paradigm to the desktop. Up until now the traditional method of finding a file was based around remembering where exactly the file lived on your computer or knowing at least some part if not all of the file name to perform a search for it. With Taggtool you simply need to remember roughly what the file is about, for instance an insurance quote file could be tagged as 'insurance, travel, quote'. The file can then be viewed by simply entering one or more of the tags associated with it into the Taggtool search widget. Limitations in the unregistered version • 30 days trial period. So What is a tag? A tag is a non-hierarchical keyword or term assigned to a piece of information (such as an internet bookmark, digital image, or computer file). This kind of metadata helps describe an item and allows it to be found again by browsing or searching. Tagging was popularized by websites associated with Web 2.0 and is an important feature of many Web 2.0 services. We have developed a Windows based utility which brings the tagging paradigm to the desktop. Up until now the traditional method of finding a file was based around remembering where exactly the file lived on your computer or knowing at least some part if not all of the file name to perform a search for it. With Taggtool you simply need to remember roughly what the file is about, for instance an insurance quote file could be tagged as 'insurance, travel, quote'. The file can then be viewed by simply entering one or more of the tags associated with it into the Taggtool search widget. With the latest 2.1.7 release of Taggtool, we have introduced the following new features: 1) Vastly improved Windows Integration You can now add tags to your files directly from the Windows File Explorer: simply right click on any file or directory select 'Add Tags' from the popup menu 2) Desktop Widgets Find files without opening the full Taggtool application: Enter your search terms into the small search widget Search results will be displayed in a small floating widget. 3) Quick Searches Find all pdf's, office documents, images or audio files with a single click with the new Quick Search buttons. 4) Perform boolean OR searches Use the 'pipe' symbol (| ) to create boolean OR searches, for example to find all spreadsheets OR word documents enter '.xls|.doc' 5) Delicious.com social bookmarking integration. Taggtool can import your Delicious tags, tag bundles and posts for instant searching alongside your tagged files.
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Originally developed to protect data from electromagnetic interference, the modern DVD format provides a cost effective way to share movies, photos, and more with friends in family in a wide variety of devices. The downside to creating your own DVDs has always been the use of specialized software, and a somewhat lengthy process if you wanted to do any editing or create custom menus. But thanks to Wondershare DVD Creator, that has all changed! Use your expansive collection of media to create your DVD Easily share the volumes of videos and pictures you’ve taken on your phone. We tend to use our phones to capture milestones in our lives. Whether it’s a baby’s first word, your first trip on a roller coaster, or watching a friend get married; we collect tons of media on our phones and leave it there. Wondershare DVD Creator makes it extremely easy for you to quickly edit those videos and pictures into a DVD you can easily share with friends and family. 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Wondershare DVD Creator Features • Put your media to work making awesome DVDs – With Wondershare DVD Creator, you can quickly access your video, photo, and audio files to create amazing DVDs • Edit your video without having to use separate software – Simple yet effective built in editing lets you take full control of your project without a steep learning curve or extra expense. • Extremely fast DVD burning – Waiting an eternity for your project to burn is a thing of the past with Wondershare DVD Creator. • Create professional menus – Wondershare DVD Creator comes packed with pre-built menus that give you a professional looking DVD in minutes. This video shows you how to use Daossoft Windows Password Rescuer Professional to create a password reset disk after you have forgotten the password. With which you can reset or remove your Windows password with only four steps. Important: 'Daossoft Windows Password Rescuer Professional' can remove Admin/User password for Windows 8/7/Vista/XP/2000 and reset Local Admin/User password for Windows Server 2008/2003/2012/2011/2000 to be Daossoft@2014. Video for How to Use Windows Password Rescuer Professional: You can refer to the detailed steps instructions in How to Use Windows Password Rescuer Professional: Windows Password Rescuer Professional. IPubsoft iTunes Data Recovery for Windows 10 - Full description Key Features: 1. Good iTunes Backup Extractor This iTunes Data Recovery supports to extract iTunes backup from computer to recover your wanted files selectively for iPad, iPhone and iPod touch series. Even the latest released iPhone 5, iPod touch 5 and new iPad are supported for a quick data recovery by this program. Recover Lost Files Due to Reasons This iPhone Data Recovery software can be used to rip and recover your iOS device lost files after failed iOS upgrade, jailbreak or restored to factory settings. Once you lost your iOS device or get a new one for instead, you can also use this iTunes Backup Extractor to select what you want to recover to your new iPhone, iPad or iPod touch. ![]() Retrieve Kinds of Files This iTunes Data Recovery enables you to regain photos and videos in Camera Roll, Photo Stream and Message Attachments, files in voice memos, calendar, notes, reminders and Safari bookmark for iOS device. As an iPhone backup extractor software, it also supports to extract Contacts, Messages, and Call History from backup for your iPhone. Helpful Preview Function To help you recover the correct files, this software makes it possible for you to preview photos, videos and check the detail info of contacts and messages. Preview what you want before recovery makes it more efficient to regain the target files from backup. IPubsoft iTunes Data Recovery for Windows 10 - Post your review. ![]() JqxDataTable is a lightweight jQuery Table widget built to easily replace your HTML Tables. It can read and display the data from your HTML Table, but it can also display data from various data sources like XML, JSON, Array, CSV or TSV. JqxDataTable comes with easy to use APIs and works across devices and browsers. ARI Soft - Commercial Joomla Components, Quiz, Windows, Smile, Default sorting of JDataTable - Feature Request - ARI Smart Content Feature Request - ARI Soft Forum. Javascript Plugin for data tables creation. Contribute to datatable development by creating an account on GitHub. I am trying to find a row and then delete that row from a datatable. I keep getting nIndex = -1. Anyone have suggestions? Protected void cbxSelected_CheckedChanged. DataTables is a plug-in for the jQuery Javascript library. It is a highly flexible tool, based upon the foundations of progressive enhancement, and will add advanced interaction controls to any HTML table. Pagination, instant search and multi-column ordering; Supports almost any data source: DOM, Javascript, Ajax and. Free iBackuper by IQmango is one more essential software for Apple fans all over the world. Now you can make backup with no problems! Sauvegardez, restaurez et gérez les fichiers multimédia de votre iPod facilement grâce à iBackuper. Ibackuper free download - iBackup Extractor, IBackup, iBackup Viewer, and many more programs. Download iBackuper 4.5.1 for Windows free from SoftPlanet. IDevice backup utility. IBackuper is made by Ramka Ltd. IBackuper - backing up, restoring and managing media files on your iDevice is now just as easy as using it, thanks to iBackuper. IBackuper can also copy music and. • Multitrack recording Record your first demo tape - or an entire album - on up to 64 tracks. You can even record entire bands on up to 16 mono or 8 stereo tracks in parallel. And of course, there are tons of audio editing options. • Songwriting Whether rude punk, wild indie rock, classic beats or emotional singer/songwriter songs, with the 19 virtual instruments and notation tools, you'll be ready to take on any music project. • Mixing & mastering Turn it all the way up! The virtual mixer and sensational mastering plug-ins let you bring your songs to a whole new professional level. ![]() Ultrabook, Celeron, Celeron Inside, Core Inside, Intel, Intel Logo, Intel Atom, Intel Atom Inside, Intel Core, Intel Inside, Intel Inside Logo, Intel vPro, Itanium, Itanium Inside, Pentium, Pentium Inside, vPro Inside, Xeon, Xeon Phi, and Xeon Inside are trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. And/or other countries. ![]() Offers subject to change. Not valid for Resellers. Per customer unit limits on discounted or promotional items apply. Dell reserves the right to cancel orders arising from pricing or other errors. *Rewards are issued to your online Dell Advantage Loyalty Rewards Account (available via your My Account) typically within 30 business days after your order’s ship date; Rewards expire in 90 days (except where prohibited by law). ![]() “Current rewards balance” amount may not reflect the most recent transactions. Check for your most up-to-date reward balance. Up to 12% rewards on Dell Preferred Account purchases for a limited time. Up to 3% rewards on all other purchases. Bose products only eligible for up to 3% rewards. Total rewards earned may not exceed $2,000 within a 3 month period. Outlet purchases do not qualify for rewards. Expedited Delivery not available on certain TVs, monitors, batteries and adapters, and is available in Continental (except Alaska) U.S. Other exceptions apply. Not valid for resellers and/or online auctions. ^ DELL PREFERRED ACCOUNT (DPA):Offered to U.S. Residents by WebBank, Member FDIC, who determines qualifications for and terms of credit. Taxes, shipping, and other charges are extra and vary. Dell and the Dell logo are trademarks of Dell Inc. Dell Promotional eGift Cards arrive via email within 20 days from ship date. Expires in 90 days (except where prohibited by law). Not valid for resellers. ![]() ![]() Shareware Junction periodically updates pricing and software information of full version from the publisher using pad file and submit from users. Software piracy is theft, Using crack, password, serial numbers, registration codes, key generators, cd key, hacks is illegal and prevent future development of Edition. Download links are directly from our publisher sites. Links from Bittorrent, mediafire.com, uploadfiles.com, hotfiles.com rapidshare.com, megaupload.com, netload.in, storage.to, depositfiles.com and other files hosting are not allowed. The download file is obtained directly from the publisher, not from any Peer to Peer file sharing applications such as Shareaza, Limewire, Kazaa, Imesh, eDonkey, eMule, Ares, BearShare, Overnet, Morpheus, BitTorrent Azureus and WinMX. Review This Software. ![]() ![]() ![]() Abdio MP4 Video Converter can transcode almost any media file into an MP4 video file – this includes not only video in a different format, but also audio and image files. Among the codecs supported you will find AVI, FLV, RM, WMV, and MPEG for video, CDA, AAC, FLAC, MP3, and APE for audio, and BMP, GIF, JPEG, or PNG for image files. You should note, however, that the trial version used for this review will only let you convert 3GP, AVI, WMV, and ASF files into MP4. IStonsoft Text to ePub Converter is an excellent tool for converting Text files to ePub for reading on portable devices such as iPad, iPod touch, NOOK, iPhone, Sony. The program comes with an intuitive interface with a series of default settings. Those who do not like (or do not dare) to play around with technical jargon, can make fast and easy conversions just by using the pre-selected frame size, video encoder, audio encoder, and audio sample rate. Those who liked being challenged, can choose their own settings, and even decide on which RealVideo3/4 decoder they want to use, which bit rate apply to the audio and video streams of the input video file, which aspect ratio, or adjust the volume and select the number of channels to be converted. ![]() ![]() Regardless of your choice, the conversion speed will certainly surprise you (for the best), and you will surely find useful its batch-conversion capabilities, which allows you to select any number of files of as many different formats as you wish. Remember, however, that the settings selected will apply to all the files you are converting - here is where you will find that the automatic settings are not that useless after all. Books.google.de - This full-color hands-on guide book has been enhanced to make learning even easier by offering more detailed lab setup instructions, expanded chapter summaries, and new practice exams that will reinforce the skills learned.Important Notice: Media content referenced within the product description or the. 70-270: MCSE Guide to Microsoft Windows XP Professional, Enhanced. ![]() ![]() ![]() This Stellar Mail Backup is very helpful and smart tool as it takes quicker and regular backups to save your important time. In addition, the tool also schedules the backup operation and saves the backup, when required. This tool also allows users to set the type of backup, such as Incremental Backup, Full. ![]() It is not every damn week that one gets to witness a near total eclipse of the freaking sun and watch a storm be upgraded from tropical to category III hurricane headed straight for the Texas coast within the very same week, and the fact that some will get to experience both the totality of eclipse and eyewall of Hurricane from the safety of their own backyard is simply fascinating to meI mean, what the fuck are the odds? In 22 days some of us in these United States will get to observe one of Natures most amazing displays, a total eclipse of the sun. Ok so I thought I’d share the funniest thing I saw online in possibly the last six months And not only because I have recently resolved a personal kitten shortage, and have become reacquainted with all of the wonderful if annoying manifestations of the feline personality, that present themselves such as to guarantee that they are in the main, each one, their own being. We’re a troll society now, a kakistocracy. ![]() PDF Converter Elite 3 is a powerful PDF Converter software that is the business alternative to Acrobat. A complete PDF tool with PDF creation, editing, OCR and. PDF Converter Elite is a software package that lets users convert their PDF documents into Word, Excel, PowerPoint and also create, manage and edit PDFs anytime. Free Download PDF Converter Elite 5.0.7 - Converts any native and OCR PDF to Word, Excel, and PowerPoint and create PDF files with the help of this. PDF Converter Elite can convert PDF to Word, Excel, PowerPoint, JPG and much more. Create secure PDFs. Convert scanned PDF. Try PDF Converter Elite free! ![]() 2016 was months of people going “If you elect that woman, we are going to make the next four years HELL. Here’s a preview.” No wonder so many people retreated into A Pox on Both Their Houses. There was enough awful being thickly enough spread that it probably did seem like it was coming from everywhere. And it did seem to work and the hows and whys have been something of a personal obsession of mine since that shit went down.And as I am currently blessed with an abundance of time with limited distraction the ciphering of this conundrum has become something of an obsession,and takes a bit of time.And aside from the usual bag of bullshit and lies from which our society has always been composed, pressures that have always been extant, it remains a fascination that I can’t shake loose of. A constant that is in another sense, infinite. An example of some stuff I missed while shitting the dog, that was transpiring on another blog in my absence title stolen from stream of commentary yakishness! I happen to have been well acquainted with a few of these goofs and this is something that not only am I upset to have missed in real time, with every likelihood of having torpedo’d the groove /Occam wont let me lie! But that did not occur, and what transpired in a short period of time was brilliantAnd I can almost be certain that it was not choreographed in any fashion, which if it had been would have been brilliant • Reply•Share › Avatar Cole D’Biers • 2 hours ago Derp of the mornin’ to y’all Avatar benjiku/- Cole D’Biers • 2 hours ago Trump want throne and dancing now Avatar Gummo/- Cole D’Biers • 2 hours ago Gee, I wonder why that is, moron. Good morning, protesting people. Avatar Moe_Szyslak/- Cole D’Biers • 2 hours ago When Saudi Arabia goes, and it will, it’ll make Syria look like a walk in the park. Avatar dmark/- Moe_Szyslak • 2 hours ago $50 a barrel oil makes it all that much closer. Avatar SufferinSuccotash, Nut Job/- Moe_Szyslak • 2 hours ago Lots of foreign workers in SA, many of whom are Shia. Avatar dmark/- SufferinSuccotash, Nut Job • 2 hours ago “It’s Always Sunni In Saudi Arabia” Avatar SufferinSuccotash, Nut Job/- dmark • 2 hours ago Until the Shi’ite hits the fan. It is early in the AM at the hunkered down Midwestern Regional Offices™ for the once and hopefully future industrial-grade snark dispensary: Sadly,No! ![]() And I just got up. As in, (is there still coffee in the pot?) cool! Might as well get up, heat some up and listen to the sounds of a spring morning in a charming University town in Gilead in the state from which comes our once and future king Penceslas™! On a morning like this, well most of them recently, to be perfectly honest, start this wayHeat up or make some effing coffee and catch up on any fresh hell that might have transpired while off the clock (my nickname for sleep, when she will have me, that is); which means getting on line and discovering that the Internet still works, the lights are still on; and if lucky: Finding the adolescent feline beast a-purr in bed next to me as happened to be the case a few some odd minutes ago. Following that a quick dash across the ‘trons is in order and a catchup and cleanup of previous threads in which I may have left traces or questions unanswered when I bounced. That finished I decided to look in on Mr Edroso, as it had been a couple of days and whenever we happen to luck into his graces is a good day whether at the or at his own. ![]() Which is where this morning started with a post titled: YOU THINK YOU CAN KILL ME EASY? Hello Good WhatevertimeofdayitmightbewhenIgetthisonethroughtheslousegates Friends, SadlyNauts, and other Passengers of Earth I thought you might enjoy a visit from these adorable little critters because they are adorable, and also happen to each be wearing the expression that I do upon waking in the morning and realizing that yet another un-plated serving of fail, awaits my discovery for consumption and analysis of its impact on my immediate future. Four little heads, eight piercing eyes one depression in the sand waiting in rapt attention for their mother and or father to bring home something to break the fast. And with that palate cleanser on the table, let us see what Dear Leader has managed to do to get David Brooks lathered up, because if that cannot muck Trump’s Stable and come out with a bar of Gold, then we might have a problem At certain times Donald Trump has seemed like a budding authoritarian, a corrupt Nixon, a rabble-rousing populist or a big business corporatist. But as Trump has settled into his White House role, he has given a series of long interviews, and when you study the transcripts it becomes clear that fundamentally he is none of these things. At base, Trump is an infantalist. There are three tasks that most mature adults have sort of figured out by the time they hit 25., Trump has mastered none of them. Immaturity is becoming the dominant note of his presidency, lack of self-control his leitmotif. First, most adults have learned to sit still. But mentally, Trump is still a 7-year-old boy who is bouncing around the classroom. Trump’s answers in these interviews are not very long — 200 words at the high end — but he will typically flit through four or five topics before ending up with how unfair the press is to him. Remember, this is David Brooks ‘Britzing’ in the Paper of Record on possibly the most prestigious piece of editorial Real Estate in the Country in what might be considered trumps own home town rag going on like he does when he is on one of his tours of the heartland examining the ways of people of the salted earthExamining the subject like something unknown, unrecognizable, as if he had never before seen this person in the wild. Or never had a cup of coffee within sight of the tower on which Trump’s name is plastered. I mean I get it, he is talking past these shoulders and speaking to a heartland Golem, quite possibly one who I might have crossed paths with within the last week, or seen in these wilds with my own two eyes, but he is not talking about me, he can’t be. I came across this series of Tweets from Dear Leader this morning and after /ratchet jack with jaw gag, ala Bugs and Elmer/ wondered again, if this was another salvo in this re-production of a mashup of mid twentieth century absurdist Theatre. What rendered this rant necessary was stumbling across a series of Tweets from Dear Leader that demonstrate a level of understanding that would probably been challenged in scope and accurracy by my seven year old self: Donald J. @realDonaldTrump As a very active President with lots of things happening, it is not possible for my surrogates to stand at podium with perfect accuracy! • Réparation: la fonction principale de ce logiciel est de réparer votre disque dur. Pour cela, il analyse le disque et détecte les parties endommagées. Avec la fonction Live Preview, le logiciel peut lister le contenu de votre disque endommagé. Puis, il va réparer le disque en restaurant la partition. • Récupération: si vous avez effacé des données par erreur, ou formater une partition, le logiciel est capable de récupérer les données même après formatage grâce à sa fonction de récupération qui facilite les opérations. Il est à noter que l'interface affiche les résultats des fichiers à récupérer et il vous suffit de cocher les fichiers utiles. • Périphériques: Hard Drive Recovery est performant puisqu'il supporte beaucoup de périphériques de stockage tels que les disques durs RAID ou FAT ou NTFS, les clés USB, appareils photo numériques, SD, MMC. • Utilisation: ce logiciel est facile à utiliser. En effet, avec son interface intuitive, il ne requiert pas de compétence informatique particulière. Avec ce logiciel, la récupération de vos données ainsi que la réparation de votre disque dur ne posera pas beaucoup de problèmes. Plus • La version d'évaluation peut être téléchargée gratuitement. • La mise en oeuvre est facile. • Le logiciel est pratique. Moins • Il est en anglais. A voir également. UpdateStar is compatible with Windows platforms. UpdateStar has been tested to meet all of the technical requirements to be compatible with Windows 10, 8.1, Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2003, 2008, and Windows XP, 32 bit and 64 bit editions. Simply double-click the downloaded file to install it. UpdateStar Free and UpdateStar Premium come with the same installer. UpdateStar includes such as English, German, French, Italian, Hungarian, Russian and. You can choose your language settings from within the program. There are many utilities which can help you extract all your images and other form of graphics from PDF file(s). Why don't you try any of them? On the Internet, you'll find a wide range of online tools which can convert your PDF file(s) and JPEG format. There would be no need to download the software and no installation process would be required. ![]() I'm not sure about the image quality of the JPEG files which will be generated from the PDF file(s). You can also try a third-party PDF Recovery tool that can provide high-quality JPEG files. I can recommend you SysInfoTools PDF Image Extractor tool here. It will extract all the images from the PDF file(s) and save them into JPEG format without causing their quality. Go to to read more about this tool. You may also try its free demo version. Record Voiceovers or overdub tracks quickly and easily. Create your own soundtracks, advertisements, and Voiceovers with Overdub! Multitrack recording and mixing with complete control over final mix. Set your punch in and punch out markers! Welcome to Overdub!, the program that makes recording voiceovers or overdubs easy even if you aren't an audio engineer. You don't need a complex multitrack editor. ![]() You can create your own movie soundtracks, advertisements, and special effects for your PowerPoint presentations, and multi-track compositions in no time without the expense or the hassle of multi-track editors. Record Voiceovers or overdub tracks quickly and easily! Mix and record sounds with complete control over final mix. Set your punch in and punch out markers to record exactly where you want. You can set the exact volumes for each track so you get just the balance you want. You can also burn your own custom creations on CD's using RipEditBurn to be able to send to friends and family. The possibilities are endless! Overdub is fully integrated with RipEditBurn and comes with lifetime FREE product upgrades! Even if you have never created your own mixes you will be recording, editing and remixing; churning out custom mixes in no time! Is a multi-track recorder and sound editor for home studio recording that makes digital audio production a breeze! Overdubbing has never been easier! Record Voiceovers or overdub tracks quickly. MSD Employees 4.10 - MSD Employees, companies staff manager. MSD Employees is a complete and easy to use employees information manager. It manages relatives, history, documents, qualifications, courses, certificates, knowledge. Micro Software Designs Emortelle MSD Software Development Companies in Trinidad Developers Microfinance Software Loans Online Banking. ![]() ![]() ![]() Two bodies of different orbiting a common. The relative sizes and type of orbit are similar to the – system. In, an orbit is the curved of an, such as the trajectory of a around a star or a around a planet. Normally, orbit refers to a regularly repeating trajectory, although it may also refer to a non-repeating trajectory. To a close approximation, planets and satellites follow, with the being orbited at a focal point of the ellipse, as described. Current understanding of the mechanics of orbital motion is based on 's, which accounts for gravity as due to curvature of, with orbits following. For ease of calculation, in most situations, orbital motion is adequately approximated by, which explains as a force obeying an. • • • Historically, the apparent motions of the planets were described by European and Arabic philosophers using the idea of. This model posited the existence of perfect moving spheres or rings to which the stars and planets were attached. It assumed the heavens were fixed apart from the motion of the spheres, and was developed without any understanding of gravity. After the planets' motions were more accurately measured, theoretical mechanisms such as were added. Although the model was capable of reasonably accurately predicting the planets' positions in the sky, more and more epicycles were required as the measurements became more accurate, hence the model became increasingly unwieldy. Originally it was modified by to place the sun at the centre to help simplify the model. The model was further challenged during the 16th century, as comets were observed traversing the spheres. The basis for the modern understanding of orbits was first formulated by whose results are summarised in his three laws of planetary motion. First, he found that the orbits of the planets in our solar system are elliptical, not (or ), as had previously been believed, and that the Sun is not located at the center of the orbits, but rather at one. Second, he found that the orbital speed of each planet is not constant, as had previously been thought, but rather that the speed depends on the planet's distance from the Sun. Third, Kepler found a universal relationship between the orbital properties of all the planets orbiting the Sun. For the planets, the cubes of their distances from the Sun are proportional to the squares of their orbital periods. Jupiter and Venus, for example, are respectively about 5.2 and 0.723 distant from the Sun, their orbital periods respectively about 11.86 and 0.615 years. The proportionality is seen by the fact that the ratio for Jupiter, 5.2 3/11.86 2, is practically equal to that for Venus, 0.723 3/0.615 2, in accord with the relationship. Idealised orbits meeting these rules are known as. This image shows the four trajectory categories with the of the central mass's field of potential energy shown in black and the height of the kinetic energy of the moving body shown in red extending above that, correlating to changes in speed as distance changes according to Kepler's laws. Demonstrated that Kepler's laws were derivable from his theory of and that, in general, the orbits of bodies subject to gravity were (this assumes that the force of gravity propagates instantaneously). Newton showed that, for a pair of bodies, the orbits' sizes are in inverse proportion to their, and that those bodies orbit their common. Where one body is much more massive than the other (as is the case of an artificial satellite orbiting a planet), it is a convenient approximation to take the center of mass as coinciding with the center of the more massive body. Advances in Newtonian mechanics were then used to explore variations from the simple assumptions behind Kepler orbits, such as the perturbations due to other bodies, or the impact of spheroidal rather than spherical bodies. (1736–1813) developed a to Newtonian mechanics emphasizing energy more than force, and made progress on the three body problem, discovering the. In a dramatic vindication of classical mechanics, in 1846 was able to predict the position of based on unexplained perturbations in the orbit of. (1879-1955) in his 1916 paper The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity explained that gravity was due to curvature of and removed Newton's assumption that changes propagate instantaneously. This led astronomers to recognize that did not provide the highest accuracy in understanding orbits. In, orbits follow geodesic trajectories which are usually approximated very well by the Newtonian predictions (except where there are very strong gravity fields and very high speeds) but the differences are measurable. Essentially all the experimental evidence that can distinguish between the theories agrees with relativity theory to within experimental measurement accuracy. The original vindication of general relativity is that it was able to account for the remaining unexplained amount in first noted by Le Verrier. ![]() ![]() Dec 13, 2017 Use Smart Applock function to lock apps to prevent intrusion. Protect your private information by hiding photos&videos and important files in our private zone. Anti piracy solution in VC++ and PHP codes with IPN via PayPal. More LeoGuard images. However, Newton's solution is still used for most short term purposes since it is significantly easier to use and sufficiently accurate. Planetary orbits [ ] Within a, planets,, and other,, and orbit the system's in. A comet in a or orbit about a barycenter is not gravitationally bound to the star and therefore is not considered part of the star's planetary system. Bodies which are gravitationally bound to one of the planets in a planetary system, either or, follow orbits about a barycenter near or within that planet. Owing to mutual, the of the planetary orbits vary over time., the smallest planet in the Solar System, has the most eccentric orbit. At the present, has the next largest eccentricity while the smallest orbital eccentricities are seen with and. As two objects orbit each other, the is that point at which the two objects are closest to each other and the is that point at which they are the farthest. (More specific terms are used for specific bodies. For example, perigee and apogee are the lowest and highest parts of an orbit around Earth, while perihelion and aphelion are the closest and farthest points of an orbit around the Sun.) In the case of planets orbiting a star, the mass of the star and all its satellites are calculated to be at a single point called the barycenter. The paths of all the star's satellites are elliptical orbits about that barycenter. Each satellite in that system will have its own elliptical orbit with the barycenter at one focal point of that ellipse. At any point along its orbit, any satellite will have a certain value of kinetic and potential energy with respect to the barycenter, and that energy is a constant value at every point along its orbit. As a result, as a planet approaches, the planet will increase in speed as its potential energy decreases; as a planet approaches, its velocity will decrease as its potential energy increases. Understanding orbits [ ] There are a few common ways of understanding orbits: • A force, such as gravity, pulls an object into a curved path as it attempts to fly off in a straight line. • As the object is pulled toward the massive body, it falls toward that body. However, if it has enough it will not fall into the body but will instead continue to follow the curved trajectory caused by that body indefinitely. The object is then said to be orbiting the body. As an illustration of an orbit around a planet, the model may prove useful (see image below). This is a ', in which a cannon on top of a tall mountain is able to fire a cannonball horizontally at any chosen muzzle speed. The effects of air friction on the cannonball are ignored (or perhaps the mountain is high enough that the cannon will be above the Earth's atmosphere, which comes to the same thing). Conic sections describe the possible orbits (yellow) of small objects around the Earth. A projection of these orbits onto the gravitational potential (blue) of the Earth makes it possible to determine the orbital energy at each point in space. If the cannon fires its ball with a low initial speed, the trajectory of the ball curves downward and hits the ground (A). As the firing speed is increased, the cannonball hits the ground farther (B) away from the cannon, because while the ball is still falling towards the ground, the ground is increasingly curving away from it (see first point, above). All these motions are actually 'orbits' in a technical sense – they are describing a portion of an elliptical path around the center of gravity – but the orbits are interrupted by striking the Earth. If the cannonball is fired with sufficient speed, the ground curves away from the ball at least as much as the ball falls – so the ball never strikes the ground. It is now in what could be called a non-interrupted, or circumnavigating, orbit. For any specific combination of height above the center of gravity and mass of the planet, there is one specific firing speed (unaffected by the mass of the ball, which is assumed to be very small relative to the Earth's mass) that produces a, as shown in (C). As the firing speed is increased beyond this, non-interrupted elliptic orbits are produced; one is shown in (D). If the initial firing is above the surface of the Earth as shown, there will also be non-interrupted elliptical orbits at slower firing speed; these will come closest to the Earth at the point half an orbit beyond, and directly opposite the firing point, below the circular orbit. At a specific horizontal firing speed called, dependent on the mass of the planet, an open orbit (E) is achieved that has a. At even greater speeds the object will follow a range of. In a practical sense, both of these trajectory types mean the object is 'breaking free' of the planet's gravity, and 'going off into space' never to return. See also: Six parameters are required to specify a about a body. For example, the three numbers that specify the body's initial position, and the three values that specify its velocity will define a unique orbit that can be calculated forwards (or backwards) in time. However, traditionally the parameters used are slightly different. The traditionally used set of orbital elements is called the set of, after Johannes Kepler and his laws. The Keplerian elements are six: • ( i) • (Ω) • (ω) • ( e) • ( a) • at ( M 0). In principle once the orbital elements are known for a body, its position can be calculated forward and backwards indefinitely in time. However, in practice, orbits are affected or, by other forces than simple gravity from an assumed point source (see the next section), and thus the orbital elements change over time. Orbital perturbations [ ] An orbital perturbation is when a force or impulse which is much smaller than the overall force or average impulse of the main gravitating body and which is external to the two orbiting bodies causes an acceleration, which changes the parameters of the orbit over time. Radial, prograde and transverse perturbations [ ] A small radial impulse given to a body in orbit changes the, but not the (to first order). A or impulse (i.e. An impulse applied along the orbital motion) changes both the eccentricity and the. Notably, a prograde impulse at raises the altitude at, and vice versa, and a retrograde impulse does the opposite. A transverse impulse (out of the orbital plane) causes rotation of the without changing the or eccentricity. In all instances, a closed orbit will still intersect the perturbation point. Orbital decay [ ]. Main article: If an orbit is about a planetary body with significant atmosphere, its orbit can decay because of. Particularly at each, the object experiences atmospheric drag, losing energy. Each time, the orbit grows less eccentric (more circular) because the object loses kinetic energy precisely when that energy is at its maximum. This is similar to the effect of slowing a pendulum at its lowest point; the highest point of the pendulum's swing becomes lower. With each successive slowing more of the orbit's path is affected by the atmosphere and the effect becomes more pronounced. Eventually, the effect becomes so great that the maximum kinetic energy is not enough to return the orbit above the limits of the atmospheric drag effect. When this happens the body will rapidly spiral down and intersect the central body. The bounds of an atmosphere vary wildly. During a, the Earth's atmosphere causes drag up to a hundred kilometres higher than during a solar minimum. Some satellites with long conductive tethers can also experience orbital decay because of electromagnetic drag from the. As the wire cuts the magnetic field it acts as a generator, moving electrons from one end to the other. The orbital energy is converted to heat in the wire. Orbits can be artificially influenced through the use of rocket engines which change the kinetic energy of the body at some point in its path. This is the conversion of chemical or electrical energy to kinetic energy. In this way changes in the orbit shape or orientation can be facilitated. Another method of artificially influencing an orbit is through the use of. These forms of propulsion require no propellant or energy input other than that of the Sun, and so can be used indefinitely. See for one such proposed use. Orbital decay can occur due to for objects below the for the body they're orbiting. The gravity of the orbiting object raises in the primary, and since below the synchronous orbit the orbiting object is moving faster than the body's surface the bulges lag a short angle behind it. The gravity of the bulges is slightly off of the primary-satellite axis and thus has a component along the satellite's motion. The near bulge slows the object more than the far bulge speeds it up, and as a result the orbit decays. Conversely, the gravity of the satellite on the bulges applies on the primary and speeds up its rotation. Artificial satellites are too small to have an appreciable tidal effect on the planets they orbit, but several moons in the solar system are undergoing orbital decay by this mechanism. Mars' innermost moon is a prime example, and is expected to either impact Mars' surface or break up into a ring within 50 million years. Orbits can decay via the emission of. This mechanism is extremely weak for most stellar objects, only becoming significant in cases where there is a combination of extreme mass and extreme acceleration, such as with or that are orbiting each other closely. Oblateness [ ] The standard analysis of orbiting bodies assumes that all bodies consist of uniform spheres, or more generally, concentric shells each of uniform density. It can be shown that such bodies are gravitationally equivalent to point sources. However, in the real world, many bodies rotate, and this introduces and distorts the gravity field, and gives a moment to the gravitational field which is significant at distances comparable to the radius of the body. In the general case, the gravitational potential of a rotating body such as, e.g., a planet is usually expanded in multipoles accounting for the departures of it from spherical symmetry. From the point of view of satellite dynamics, of particular relevance are the so-called even zonal harmonic coefficients, or even zonals, since they induce secular orbital perturbations which are cumulative over time spans longer than the orbital period. They do depend on the orientation of the body's symmetry axis in the space, affecting, in general, the whole orbit, with the exception of the semimajor axis. Multiple gravitating bodies [ ]. Main article: The effects of other gravitating bodies can be significant. For example, the cannot be accurately described without allowing for the action of the Sun's gravity as well as the Earth's. One approximate result is that bodies will usually have reasonably stable orbits around a heavier planet or moon, in spite of these perturbations, provided they are orbiting well within the heavier body's. When there are more than two gravitating bodies it is referred to as an. Most n-body problems have no, although some special cases have been formulated. Light radiation and stellar wind [ ] For smaller bodies particularly, light and can cause significant perturbations to the attitude and direction of motion of the body, and over time can be significant. Of the planetary bodies, the motion of is particularly affected over large periods when the asteroids are rotating relative to the Sun. Strange orbits [ ] Mathematicians have discovered that it is possible in principle to have multiple bodies in non-elliptical orbits that repeat periodically, although most such orbits are not stable regarding small perturbations in mass, position, or velocity. However, some special stable cases have been identified, including a planar figure-eight orbit occupied. Further studies have discovered that nonplanar orbits are also possible, including one involving 12 masses moving in 4 roughly circular, interlocking orbits equivalent to the edges of a. Finding such orbits naturally occurring in the universe is thought to be extremely unlikely, because of the improbability of the required conditions occurring by chance. Astrodynamics [ ]. Main article: Orbital mechanics or astrodynamics is the application of and to the practical problems concerning the motion of and other. The motion of these objects is usually calculated from and. It is a core discipline within space mission design and control. Celestial mechanics treats more broadly the orbital dynamics of systems under the influence of, including spacecraft and natural astronomical bodies such as star systems,,, and. Orbital mechanics focuses on spacecraft, including, orbit plane changes, and interplanetary transfers, and is used by mission planners to predict the results of. Is a more exact theory than Newton's laws for calculating orbits, and is sometimes necessary for greater accuracy or in high-gravity situations (such as orbits close to the Sun). Earth orbits [ ]. • • • Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution, pp. 238, 246–252 • Encyclopædia Britannica, 1968, vol. 645 • M Caspar, Kepler (1959, Abelard-Schuman), at pp.131–140; A Koyré, The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus, Kepler, Borelli (1973, Methuen), pp. 277–279 • Jones, Andrew... Retrieved 2008-06-01. • See (written 1685, translated into English 1728, see ), for the original version of this 'cannonball' thought-experiment. • Fitzpatrick, Richard (2006-02-02).. Classical Mechanics – an introductory course. The University of Texas at Austin. From the original on 3 March 2001. Retrieved 2009-01-14. • Pogge, Richard W.;. Retrieved 25 January 2008. 'Perturbed stellar motions around the rotating black hole in Sgr A* for a generic orientation of its spin axis'.. 84 (12): 124001.:... • Renzetti, G. 'Satellite Orbital Precessions Caused by the Octupolar Mass Moment of a Non-Spherical Body Arbitrarily Oriented in Space'.. 34 (4): 341–348... • Renzetti, G. 'Satellite orbital precessions caused by the first odd zonal J3 multipole of a non-spherical body arbitrarily oriented in space'.. 352 (2): 493–496... • ^ Peterson, Ivars (23 September 2013).. Science News. Retrieved 2017-07-21. Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. 1 August 1995. Archived from (PDF) on 15 February 2013., pages 37-38 (6-1,6-2); figure 6-1. Ancillary Description Writer's Guide, 2013. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Global Change Master Directory. Archived from on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 29 April 2013. • Vallado, David A. Fundamentals of Astrodynamics and Applications. Hawthorne, CA: Microcosm Press. • Further reading [ ] • Abell; Morrison & Wolff (1987). Exploration of the Universe (fifth ed.). Saunders College Publishing. • Linton, Christopher (2004).. Cambridge: University Press. • Swetz, Frank; et al. Mathematical Association of America. • Andrea Milani and Giovanni F. Theory of Orbit Determination (Cambridge University Press; 378 pages; 2010). Discusses new algorithms for determining the orbits of both natural and artificial celestial bodies. External links [ ] Look up in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Has wide choice of units. Requires JavaScript. Requires Java. • includes (calculated) data on Earth orbit variations over the last 50 million years and for the coming 20 million years •. Requires JavaScript. • (Rocket and Space Technology) • provide another, slightly different series for Earth orbit eccentricity, and also a series for orbital inclination. Orbits for the other planets were also calculated, by F. 'Successive Refinements in Long-Term Integrations of Planetary Orbits'. The Astrophysical Journal. 592: 620–630..., but only the are available online. Requires JavaScript and Macromedia • Merrifield, Michael.. Sixty Symbols. One of the Adivo Successful Documentation Generators,TechWriter for Databases is a Windows application that generates documentation for database tables, views, functions and procedures Supports Access, SQL Server and Oracle - Automatically Generated TechWriter automatically generates the documentation for your database. By collecting information about the tables, views and procedures directly from the database itself, TechWriter is able to leverage the work already done. - Easy to Maintain Nobody likes outdated documentation. As your database changes, TechWriter automatically detects the change and adjusts the documentation to match. - Multiple Output Choices Create both printed and online documentation at the same time. TechWriter can generate your documentation in HTML Help, PDF and RTF/Word processing formats. - Easy to Use Throw out those clumsy authoring tools. TechWriter's tabbed user interface brings structure and simplicity to the process of document generation. - Targeted: Documentation can be targeted towards different audiences by controlling what information is included. Exclude database objects by simply checking a box Set up rules to control the level of detail (e.g. Choose to include/exclude descriptions) - Good Practice: For many industries and agencies, providing documentation has become mandatory for: CMMI Certification Security Certification and Accreditation Processes FDA regulated validation procedures ISO 9000 With the ever changing nature of IT, it is more critical than ever to have your systems properly documented - providing quality doc for your databases is no exception. - Flexible: In rapid development, generating documentation without losing your customizations is critical. TechWriter has the unique feature of allowing your tech writers to enhance the generated doc with additional information that is NOT overwritten on subsequent revisions. The was a proposed SSTO spaceplane. A single-stage-to-orbit (or SSTO) vehicle reaches from the surface of a body without jettisoning hardware, expending only propellants and fluids. The term usually, but not exclusively, refers to. No Earth-launched SSTO launch vehicles have ever been constructed. To date, orbital launches have been performed either by fully or partially, the having both attributes. Launch costs for (LEO) range from $10,000 to $19,000 per kg of ($4,500–$8,500 / pound). Reusable SSTO vehicles offer the promise of reduced launch expenses by eliminating recurring costs associated with hardware replacement inherent in expendable launch systems. However, the nonrecurring costs associated with design, development, research and engineering (DDR&E) of reusable SSTO systems are much higher than expendable systems due to the substantial technical challenges of SSTO. It is considered to be marginally possible to launch a single-stage-to-orbit spacecraft from Earth. The principal complicating factors for SSTO from Earth are: high orbital velocity of over 7,400 metres per second (27,000 km/h; 17,000 mph); the need to overcome Earth's gravity, especially in the early stages of flight; and flight within, which limits speed in the early stages of flight and influences engine performance. Notable single stage to orbit research spacecraft include, the, the, and the. However, despite showing some promise, none of them has come close to achieving orbit yet due to problems with finding the most efficient propulsion system. Single-stage-to-orbit is much easier to achieve on extraterrestrial bodies such as the Moon and Mars, which have weaker gravitational fields and lower atmospheric pressure than Earth, and has been achieved from the by both the 's and several robotic spacecraft of the Soviet. ROMBUS concept art For a long time before the second half of the twentieth century, the concept of a single stage to orbit vehicle was rarely considered, and when it was it was generally considered to be impractical and therefore very little research was conducted into the concept. However, advancements in flight technology led to the idea becoming more plausible, and during the 1960s some of the first concept designs for this kind of craft began to emerge. One of the earliest was the One stage Orbital Space Truck (OOST) designed by, an engineer for, which was a concept for an expendable booster stage which could deliver a payload to orbit in one stage. A reusable version named ROOST was also proposed. Another early SSTO design was a reusable launch vehicle named which was designed by in the early 1960s. It was one of the largest space craft ever conceptualized with a diameter of over fifty metres and the capability to lift up to two thousand short tons into Earth orbit, intended for missions to further out locations in the solar system such as. The North American Air Augmented VTOVL from 1963 was a similarly large craft which would have used external burning ramjets to decrease the liftoff mass of the vehicle by removing the need for large amounts of liquid oxygen while travelling through the atmosphere. From 1965, Robert Salked investigated various single stage to orbit spaceplane concepts, which would include wings. He proposed a vehicle which would burn hydrocarbon fuel while in the atmosphere and then switch to hydrogen fuel for increasing efficiency once in space. This was around the same time as the development of the. Further examples of Bono's early concepts (prior to the 1990s) which were never constructed include: • ROMBUS (Reusable Orbital Module, Booster, and Utility Shuttle), another design from Philip Bono. This wasn't technically single stage since it dropped some of its initial hydrogen tanks, but it came very close. • Ithacus, an adapted ROMBUS concept which was designed to carry soldiers and military equipment to other continents via a sub-orbital trajectory. • Pegasus, another adapted ROMBUS concept designed to carry passengers and payloads long distances in short amounts of time via space. • SASSTO, another launch vehicle concept. • Hyperion, yet another Philip Bono concept which used a sled to build up speed before liftoff to save on the amount of fuel which had to be lifted into the air. Around 1985 the project was intended to create a scramjet vehicle to reach orbit, but this had its funding stopped and was cancelled. At around the same time, the tried to use technology, but failed to show significant advantages over rocket technology. DC-X Technology [ ]. Main article: The DC-X, short for Delta Clipper Experimental, was an unmanned one third scale SSTO vehicle which was too small to actually achieve orbit but was instead built to demonstrate vertical takeoff and landing. It is one of only a few prototype SSTO vehicles ever built. Several other prototypes of this design were proposed, including the DC-X2 (a half-scale prototype) and the DC-Y, a full scale vehicle which would be capable of single stage insertion into orbit. Neither of these were built, but the project was taken over by in 1995, and they built the DC-XA, an upgraded one third scale prototype. This vehicle was lost when it landed with only three of its four landing pads deployed, which caused it to tip over on its side and explode. The project has not been continued since. Despite this failure, several future proposals have been based on the DC-X design. Main article: From 1999 to 2001 Rotary Rocket attempted to build a SSTO vehicle called the Roton. It received a large amount of media attention and a working sub-scale prototype was completed, but the design was largely impractical. Approaches [ ] There have been various approaches to SSTO, including pure rockets that are launched and land vertically, air-breathing -powered vehicles that are launched and land horizontally, vehicles, and even -powered vehicles that can fly into orbit and return landing like an airliner, completely intact. For rocket-powered SSTO, the main challenge is achieving a high enough mass-ratio to carry sufficient to achieve, plus a meaningful weight. [ ] One possibility is to give the rocket an initial speed with a, as planned in the project. For air-breathing SSTO, the main challenge is system complexity and associated costs,, and construction techniques necessary for surviving sustained high-speed flight within the atmosphere, and achieving a high enough mass-ratio to carry sufficient propellant to achieve orbit, plus a meaningful payload weight. Air-breathing designs typically fly at or speeds, and usually include a rocket engine for the final burn for orbit. Whether rocket-powered or air-breathing, a reusable vehicle must be rugged enough to survive multiple round trips into space without adding excessive weight or maintenance. In addition a reusable vehicle must be able to reenter without damage, and land safely. While single-stage rockets were once thought to be beyond reach, advances in materials technology and construction techniques have shown them to be possible. For example, calculations show that the first stage, launched on its own, would have a 25-to-1 ratio of fuel to vehicle hardware. It has a sufficiently efficient engine to achieve orbit, but without carrying much payload. Design challenges inherent in SSTO [ ] The design space constraints of SSTO vehicles were described by rocket design engineer. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and. (December 2017) () Some SSTO vehicles use the same engine for all altitudes, which is a problem for traditional engines with a bell-shaped. Depending on the atmospheric pressure, different bell shapes are optimal. Engines operating in the lower atmosphere have shorter bells than those designed to work in vacuum. Having a bell that is only optimal at a single altitude lowers the overall engine efficiency. One possible solution would be to use an, which can be effective in a wide range of ambient pressures. In fact, a linear aerospike engine was used in the X-33 design. Other solutions involve using multiple engines and other such as double-mu bells. Still, at very high altitudes, the extremely large engine bells tend to expand the exhaust gases down to near vacuum pressures. As a result, these engine bells are counterproductive [ – ] due to their excess weight. Some SSTO vehicles simply use very high pressure engines which permit high ratios to be used from ground level. This gives good performance, negating the need for more complex solutions. Airbreathing SSTO [ ] Some designs for SSTO attempt to use that collect oxidizer and reaction mass from the atmosphere to reduce the take-off weight of the vehicle. Some of the issues with this approach are: • No known air breathing engine is capable of operating at orbital speed within the atmosphere (for example hydrogen fueled seem to have a top speed of about Mach 17). This means that rockets must be used for the final orbital insertion. • Rocket thrust needs the orbital mass to be as small as possible to minimize propellant weight. • The thrust-to-weight ratio of rockets that rely on on-board oxygen increases dramatically as fuel is expended, because the oxidizer fuel tank has about 1% of the mass as the oxidizer it carries, whereas air-breathing engines traditionally have a poor thrust/weight ratio which is relatively fixed during the air-breathing ascent. • Very high speeds in the atmosphere necessitate very heavy thermal protection systems, which makes reaching orbit even harder. • While at lower speeds, air-breathing engines are very efficient, but the efficiency () and thrust levels of air-breathing jet engines drop considerably at high speed (above Mach 5–10 depending on the engine) and begin to approach that of rocket engines or worse. • of vehicles at hypersonic speeds are poor whereas since acceleration is a vector, the effective lift to drag ratios of rocket vehicles at high g is. Thus with for example scramjet designs (e.g. ) the mass budgets do not seem to close for orbital launch. Similar issues occur with single-stage vehicles attempting to carry conventional jet engines to orbit—the weight of the jet engines is not compensated sufficiently by the reduction in propellant. On the other hand, LACE-like designs such as the (and ) which transition to rocket thrust at rather lower speeds (Mach 5.5) do seem to give, on paper at least, an improved orbital over pure rockets (even multistage rockets) sufficiently to hold out the possibility of full reusability with better payload fraction. It is important to note that mass fraction is an important concept in the engineering of a rocket. However, mass fraction may have little to do with the costs of a rocket, as the costs of fuel are very small when compared to the costs of the engineering program as a whole. As a result, a cheap rocket with a poor mass fraction may be able to deliver more payload to orbit with a given amount of money than a more complicated, more efficient rocket. Launch assists [ ] Many vehicles are only narrowly suborbital, so practically anything that gives a relatively small delta-v increase can be helpful, and outside assistance for a vehicle is therefore desirable. Proposed launch assists include: • (rail, maglev including, and, etc.) • • in-flight fueling • / And on-orbit resources such as: • • tugs Nuclear propulsion [ ]. Main article: Due to weight issues such as shielding, many nuclear propulsion systems are unable to lift their own weight, and hence are unsuitable for launching to orbit. However some designs such as the and some designs do have a in excess of 1, enabling them to lift off. Clearly one of the main issues with nuclear propulsion would be safety, both during a launch for the passengers, but also in case of a failure during launch. No current program is attempting nuclear propulsion from Earth's surface. Beam-powered propulsion [ ]. Main article: Because they can be more energetic than the potential energy that chemical fuel allows for, some laser or microwave powered rocket concepts have the potential to launch vehicles into orbit, single stage. In practice, this area is relatively undeveloped, and current technology falls far short of this. Comparison with the Shuttle [ ] The high cost per launch of the sparked interest throughout the 1980s in designing a cheaper successor vehicle. Several official design studies were done, but most were basically smaller versions of the existing Shuttle concept. Most cost analysis studies of the Space Shuttle have shown that workforce is by far the single greatest expense. Early shuttle discussions speculated airliner-type operation, with a two-week turnaround. However, senior NASA planners envisioned no more than 10 to 12 flights per year for the entire shuttle fleet. The absolute maximum flights per year for the entire fleet was limited by external tank manufacturing capacity to 24 per year. Very efficient (hence complex and sophisticated) were required to fit within the available vehicle space. Likewise the only known suitable lightweight was delicate, maintenance-intensive tiles. These and other design decisions resulted in a vehicle that requires great maintenance after every mission. The engines are removed and inspected, and prior to the new 'block II' main engines, the were removed, disassembled and rebuilt. While was refurbished and relaunched in 53 days between missions and, generally months were required to repair an orbiter for a new mission. Many in the aerospace community [ ] concluded that an entirely self-contained, reusable single-stage vehicle could solve these problems. The idea behind such a vehicle is to reduce the processing requirements from those of the Shuttle. Examples [ ] It is easier to achieve SSTO from a body with lower gravitational pull than Earth, such as the. The ascended from the lunar surface to lunar orbit in a single stage. A detailed study into SSTO vehicles was prepared by 's Space Division in 1970–1971 under NASA contract NAS8-26341. Their proposal () was an enormous vehicle with more than 50,000 kilograms (110,000 lb) of payload, utilizing for (vertical) landing. While the technical problems seemed to be solvable, the required a winged design that led to the Shuttle as we know it today. The unmanned technology demonstrator, originally developed by for the (SDI) program office, was an attempt to build a vehicle that could lead to an SSTO vehicle. The one-third-size test craft was operated and maintained by a small team of three people based out of a trailer, and the craft was once relaunched less than 24 hours after landing. Although the test program was not without mishap (including a minor explosion), the DC-X demonstrated that the maintenance aspects of the concept were sound. That project was cancelled when it landed with three of four legs deployed, tipped over, and exploded on the fourth flight after transferring management from the to NASA. The was designed to bring bulk materials to orbit as cheaply as possible. Current development [ ] Current and previous SSTO projects include the Japanese project, the,, and the Indian spaceplane. Main article: The British Government partnered with the in 2010 to promote a concept called. This design was pioneered by, a company founded by after was canceled. The Skylon spaceplane has been positively received by the British government, and the. Following a successful propulsion system test that was audited by ESA's propulsion division in mid-2012, REL announced that it would begin a three-and-a-half-year project to develop and build a test jig of the to prove the engines performance across its air-breathing and rocket modes. In November 2012, it was announced that a key test of the engine precooler had been successfully completed, and that ESA had verified the precooler's design. The project's development is now allowed to advance to its next phase, which involves the construction and testing of a full-scale prototype engine. Alternative approaches to inexpensive spaceflight [ ] Many studies have shown that regardless of selected technology, the most effective cost reduction technique is. [ ] Merely launching a large total quantity reduces the manufacturing costs per vehicle, similar to how the of automobiles brought about great increases in affordability. Using this concept, some aerospace analysts believe the way to lower launch costs is the exact opposite of SSTO. Whereas reusable SSTOs would reduce per launch costs by making a reusable high-tech vehicle that launches frequently with low maintenance, the 'mass production' approach views the technical advances as a source of the cost problem in the first place. By simply building and launching large quantities of rockets, and hence launching a large volume of payload, costs can be brought down. This approach was attempted in the late 1970s, early 1980s in with the -based. A related idea is to obtain economies of scale from building simple, massive, multi-stage rockets using cheap, off-the-shelf parts. The vehicles would be dumped into the ocean after use. This strategy is known as the ' approach. This is somewhat similar to the approach some previous systems have taken, using simple engine systems with 'low-tech' fuels, as the and still do. These nations' launches are significantly cheaper than their Western counterparts. An alternative to scale is to make the discarded stages practically reusable: this is the goal of the and its Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy and Interplanetary Transport System vehicles. A similar approach is being pursued. See also [ ] • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Further reading [ ] • Andrew J. Butrica: Single Stage to Orbit - Politics, Space Technology, and the Quest for Reusable Rocketry. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore 2004,. References [ ]. • ^ Richard Varvill & Alan Bond (2003). Archived from (PDF) on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. • 'Space Transportation Costs: Trends in Price Per Pound to Orbit 1990-2000', Futron, 2002. • Dick, Stephen and Lannius, R., 'Critical Issues in the History of Spaceflight,' NASA Publication SP-2006-4702, 2006. • Philip Bono & Kenneth William Gatland, Frontiers Of Space, • Wade, Mark.. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. NASA History. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015. • Bono, Philip (June 1963).. AIAA (AIAA-1963-271). • • Bono, Philip (June 1963).. AIAA (AIAA-1964-280). • • • • • • Flight international 1 March 1986 •. Retrieved 13 June 2015. Retrieved 2009-09-14. • Mitchell Burnside-Clapp (February 1997).. Retrieved 2009-09-14. • Truax, Robert C., “One Stage to Orbit-Or Two” Unpublished paper, Truax Engineering, Inc., 2614 Temple Heights Drive, Oceanside, Calif., 5 March 1992. • London III, Lt Col John R., 'LEO on the Cheap', Air University (AFMC) Research Report No. AU-ARI-93-8, October 1994. • Hale, Francis, 'Introduction to Space Flight,' Prentice Hall, 1994. • Mossman, Jason, 'Investigation of Advanced Propellants to Enable Single Stage to Orbit Launch Vehicles,' Master’s Thesis, California State University, Fresno, 2006. • Livington, J.W., 'Comparative Analysis of Rocket and Air-Breathing Launch Vehicle Systems,' Space 2004 Conference and Exhibit, San Diego, California, 2004. • Curtis, Howard,, Third Edition, Oxford: Elsevier, 2010. Bruce Dunn (1996).. Retrieved 2007-11-15. Retrieved 13 June 2015. • Mark Wade (2007).. Archived from on 2002-08-29. Retrieved 2007-11-15. • Richard Varvill & Alan Bond (2003). Archived from (PDF) on 28 June 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2007. • Cimino, P.; Drake, J.; Jones, J.; Strayer, D.; Venetoklis, P.:, AIAA, Joint Propulsion Conference, 21st, Monterey, CA, July 8–11, 1985. Research supported by the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute., 07/1985 •.. 23 April 2003. Archived from on 12 August 2006. Retrieved 15 November 2007. • Mark Wade (2007).. Retrieved 2010-04-01. Retrieved 13 June 2015. Archived from on 2 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015. Archived from on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 1 March 2011. Retrieved 13 June 2015. • Robert Parkinson (22 February 2011).. Space:The Development of Single Stage Flight. The Global Herald. Archived from on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 28 February 2011. 28 November 2012. Retrieved 28 November 2012. • Thomson, Ian.. The Register. 29 November 2012. External links [ ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to. • •, an analysis of space launch costs, with a section critiquing SSTO • A critique of SSTO by Jeffrey F. |
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